We use:
• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES
at in on
PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES
at 5 o'clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
• I have a lunch at 11am.
• The book shop closes at midnight.
• Jazie went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Paris in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you have time on Sundays?
• My birthday is on 12 November.
• Where will you be on Christmast`s Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression Example
at night The stars shine at night.
at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
at present He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
in on
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the nights on Saturday nights
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s) on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
• I went to Sepang last June. (not in last June)
• She's coming back next Wednesday. (not on next Wednesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this night. (not in this night)
Rabu, 24 Februari 2010
Senin, 22 Februari 2010
Passive Voice
Passive voice is a voice that indicates that the subject is the patient or recipient of the action denoted by the verb.
Here is an example of a construction in passive voice:
• The man was nudged by a passer-by.
The above example contrasts with the one below, which is in active voice:
• A passer-by nudged the man.
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, howover, who or what is performing the action.
Example : My bike was stolen
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen, I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in a passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows :
Example : A mistake was made.
In the case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone.
a).Form of passive
Subject + finite form of to be + past particple
Example : A letter was written
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice,not the following :
- The object of the active sentences becomes the
subject of the passive sentence.
- The finite form of the verbs in changed.
( to be + past participle )
- The subject of the active sentence becomes the
object of the passive sentence( or is dropped )
b).Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two object becomes the subject, the other one remains an object.
Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active : Rika wrote a letter to me
Passive : A letter was written to me by Rika
Passive : I was written a letter by Rika
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
c).Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal passive simply means that the the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object
( transitive verb ) can form a personal passive.
Example : He says – it is said.
Impersonal passive is not is not as in some other langguages. In english, impersonal, passive is only possible with verbs of parception.
Example : They say that women live loner than men. It is said that women live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause ( women ) goes to the beginning of the sentences : the verb of perception is put into passive voice.
The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with “ to “ ( certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped )
Sometimes the term personal passive is used in English lesson if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
Here is an example of a construction in passive voice:
• The man was nudged by a passer-by.
The above example contrasts with the one below, which is in active voice:
• A passer-by nudged the man.
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, howover, who or what is performing the action.
Example : My bike was stolen
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen, I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in a passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows :
Example : A mistake was made.
In the case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone.
a).Form of passive
Subject + finite form of to be + past particple
Example : A letter was written
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice,not the following :
- The object of the active sentences becomes the
subject of the passive sentence.
- The finite form of the verbs in changed.
( to be + past participle )
- The subject of the active sentence becomes the
object of the passive sentence( or is dropped )
b).Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two object becomes the subject, the other one remains an object.
Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active : Rika wrote a letter to me
Passive : A letter was written to me by Rika
Passive : I was written a letter by Rika
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
c).Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal passive simply means that the the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object
( transitive verb ) can form a personal passive.
Example : He says – it is said.
Impersonal passive is not is not as in some other langguages. In english, impersonal, passive is only possible with verbs of parception.
Example : They say that women live loner than men. It is said that women live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause ( women ) goes to the beginning of the sentences : the verb of perception is put into passive voice.
The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with “ to “ ( certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped )
Sometimes the term personal passive is used in English lesson if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
Future Tense
Simple future tense is used to describe job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
Formation of sentences
1. Positive
(+) S + shall/will +V1
Ex: I shall clean the room
We will go to school
Or
(+) S + be +going to + V1
Ex: I am going to play badminton
She is going to make a tart cake
Notes : “shall” just can use for subject “I and we”
2. Negative
(-) S + shall/will + not + V
Ex: I shan`t buy a shirt
He won`t clean the table
Or
(-) S + be + not +going to +V
Ex: I am not going to give a present
Notes : shall not=shan`t,will not=won`t
3. Interrogative
(?) Shall/will+S + V ?
Ex: Is she going to write a letter ?
Formation of sentences
1. Positive
(+) S + shall/will +V1
Ex: I shall clean the room
We will go to school
Or
(+) S + be +going to + V1
Ex: I am going to play badminton
She is going to make a tart cake
Notes : “shall” just can use for subject “I and we”
2. Negative
(-) S + shall/will + not + V
Ex: I shan`t buy a shirt
He won`t clean the table
Or
(-) S + be + not +going to +V
Ex: I am not going to give a present
Notes : shall not=shan`t,will not=won`t
3. Interrogative
(?) Shall/will+S + V ?
Ex: Is she going to write a letter ?
Noun Phrase
1. Noun phrases is constraction function as subject and object .
2. Noun phrases is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words
containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or
pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.
>> Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office girl
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My handphone
e. Adjective + Noun, example : White board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A rubber
>> The noun phrases in English composed petenhally of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.
Example 1 :
Shaggy : Do you like novels ?
Snoop : Yes, I like them.
Shaggy : Do you like novels over there?
Snoop : Yes, they are nice.
Shaggy : Do you like the novel which I bought yesterday?
Snoop : Yes, I like it.
Example 2 :
- Nick was late
( Nick is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)
- Some noun phrase are short :
* The soldier
- Some are long :
* The very tall private lesson.
2. Noun phrases is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words
containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or
pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.
>> Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office girl
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My handphone
e. Adjective + Noun, example : White board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A rubber
>> The noun phrases in English composed petenhally of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.
Example 1 :
Shaggy : Do you like novels ?
Snoop : Yes, I like them.
Shaggy : Do you like novels over there?
Snoop : Yes, they are nice.
Shaggy : Do you like the novel which I bought yesterday?
Snoop : Yes, I like it.
Example 2 :
- Nick was late
( Nick is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)
- Some noun phrase are short :
* The soldier
- Some are long :
* The very tall private lesson.
Finite Verb
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tenses according to the ruler and categories of languages in which it occurs.
· Finite verb can form “Indenpendent Clause” which constand by their own as complete sentences
· An Independent clause is a complete sentences it contain the main subject and verb of asentences
· In English only verb in contain mob the finite.These includes.
→ Indicate mood : expressing state of appairs in indicative mood finite verb is must used verb.
Example :Evin is going to shop
→ Imperative mood , giving a command
example : Help me please !!!
Don't do that !!!
Verb – Finite / Non Finite
Finite Verb
A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural)
For example :
I lived in Paris. (I is the subject-lived describes what the subject did-lived is a finite verb).
Non-Finite Verbs
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinite (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.
For example :
I lived in Germany to improve my German.(To improve is in the infinite form-improve is non-finite).
· Finite verb can form “Indenpendent Clause” which constand by their own as complete sentences
· An Independent clause is a complete sentences it contain the main subject and verb of asentences
· In English only verb in contain mob the finite.These includes.
→ Indicate mood : expressing state of appairs in indicative mood finite verb is must used verb.
Example :Evin is going to shop
→ Imperative mood , giving a command
example : Help me please !!!
Don't do that !!!
Verb – Finite / Non Finite
Finite Verb
A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural)
For example :
I lived in Paris. (I is the subject-lived describes what the subject did-lived is a finite verb).
Non-Finite Verbs
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinite (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.
For example :
I lived in Germany to improve my German.(To improve is in the infinite form-improve is non-finite).
Introductory It
A To understand this lesson is easy.
B It is easy to understand this lesson.
In this pattern,it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence.Thus,it is called introductory “it”.
*A and B mean the same thing,but sentence B is more common and useful than A.A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
*Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
Inroductory “it” as a subject :
• To watch musical programs is pleasant.
• It is pleasant to watch musical program.
Structure :
It +verb+subject compliment+infinitive phrase(real subject)
Introductory “it” with seem,appear and look
-Introductory “it” is also used with seem,appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase,a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
• It looked doubtful whether she would come.
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think,feel,deem,count,consider,etc.
• I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
Introductory “it” in questions
• When was it that the manager came ?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.
B It is easy to understand this lesson.
In this pattern,it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence.Thus,it is called introductory “it”.
*A and B mean the same thing,but sentence B is more common and useful than A.A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
*Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
Inroductory “it” as a subject :
• To watch musical programs is pleasant.
• It is pleasant to watch musical program.
Structure :
It +verb+subject compliment+infinitive phrase(real subject)
Introductory “it” with seem,appear and look
-Introductory “it” is also used with seem,appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase,a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.
• It looked doubtful whether she would come.
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think,feel,deem,count,consider,etc.
• I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
Introductory “it” in questions
• When was it that the manager came ?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.
Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a kind of text to describe a particular person, place or thing.
The generic structure of Descriptive text :
Ø Identification :
Identifies phenomenon to be described.
Ø Description :
Describes part qualities and characteristic.
Linguistic features :
1. Specific participants.
2. Linking verbs.
3. Simple present.
4. Adjective.
5. Noun phrase.
Example of Descriptive text :
Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
The generic structure of Descriptive text :
Ø Identification :
Identifies phenomenon to be described.
Ø Description :
Describes part qualities and characteristic.
Linguistic features :
1. Specific participants.
2. Linking verbs.
3. Simple present.
4. Adjective.
5. Noun phrase.
Example of Descriptive text :
Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
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