Offering

Here are a number of formulas used when offering help in English. Here are some of the most common:
• May I help you?
• Can I help you?
• Would you like some help?
• Do you need some help?
• What can I do for you today?

Construction
Formula Verb Form :

<>May I help you?

Use 'May I' or 'Can I' the base form of the verb in a statement.


<>Are you looking for something?

Use 'Are you looking for' something OR anything in particular OR specific object


<>Would you like some help?

Use 'Would you like' some help OR some advice OR a recommendation


<>Do you need some help?

Use 'Do you need' some help OR some advice OR a recommendation


<>What can I do for you today?

Use 'What can I do for' you, her, him, etc. today OR this morning, this afternoon, this evening

Asking If Someone Remembers

I wonder if you remember….

~ You remember….,don’t you?

~ You haven’t,forgotten…,have you?

~ Don’t you remember…?

Ways to respond :

* Let me think.Yes, I remember.

* I remember especially the scenery.

* I’ll never forget that.

* I’ll always remember.

Informal Expressions :

@ Remember the old house we used to live in?

@ Remember that?

Ways to respond :

> Hold on. Yes, got it!

> I know….

Response if you forget :

· Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.

· I’m afraid I forget.

· I really can’t remember.

· I’m afraid I have no memory of him.

· Sorry, it slipped off my mind

News Item

News item is to inform readers, listeners, or viewers about event of the day which are considered news worthy or important.

Functional of News Item:
Social function of news item is to inform readers,listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
The structure of the text consists of three parts :
1. Newsworthy event : recounts the events in summary form.
2. Background events : elaborate what happened, to whom, and in what circumstances
3. Source : comments by participants in whitnesses to, and authorities expert on the event.

Significant Gammar Features :
• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
• Generally using simple present tense
• Use of material processer totell the event
• Focus on circumtanses
- Using action verbs, e,g ; were, run, go, kill
- Using saying verbs, e, g ; say, tell
- Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages

There are some rules thst can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
2. It is unusual to find complex forms,generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used,usually to describe something that is changing or developing,but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future,headlines often use the infinitive.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Direct and Indirect Speech

>>Direct Speech
Refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said.
>>Indirect Speech
Refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn`t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn`t have to be word for word.

In time expressions and pronouns :
Direct Speech
Now
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last week
Next week

Inderect Speech
Then
That day/that night
The day before/the previous day
The next day/following day
The previous week
The following week

Example :
Direct Speech
“I`m going to the zoo”,he said.

Indirect Speech
He said he was going to the zoo.

Asking for Information

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English:
1. What is this? This is a table.
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What's this? It's a pen.
4. What's that? It's an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Knight? She's (right) here.
9. Where's Johnny? He's in the house.
10. When's the movie? It's at 9:00 a.m.
11. When's lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It's delicious.

Speaking Situations: Asking for Information
Conversation Practice
Practice asking simple information questions in English.
Use appropriate Wh- words.
Examples :
-How are you (doing) today?
~I'm fine. Thanks.

-Where is Keith?
~He's at the store.

-What's in the box?
~Two dimes and a nickel.

-Who is this?
~She's my teacher, Ms. Jones.

Wh words
Wh word (Usage) (Example)
Who (to inquire about person or people) Who is that?
What (to inquire about things) What is this?
When (to inquire about times) When will you go?
Where (to inquire about locations) Where will you be?
Why (to inquire about reasons) Why are you crying?
How (to inquire about manner) How did you do that?
Which (to inquire about a specific member of a group) Which one was it?
Whom (formal objective case for persons) Whom do you seek?
Whose (to inquire about ownership) Whose are these?
How much (to inquire about amount) How much does it cost?
How many (to inquire about number) How many are there?
How long (to inquire about duration of time) How long have you been here?
How far (to inquire about distance) How far is it to the station?
How often (to inquire about frequency) How often do you come here?
How do you (to inquire about method) How do you say it in English?
What . . . do (to inquire about occupation) What do you do?
(to inquire about activities) What did you do last night?
What...for (to inquire about reason) What did you do that for?
How come (informal: to ask for a reason) How come (I can't go)?

Wh- Questions allow a speaker to find out more information about topics. They are as follows:
When? Time
Where? Place
Who? Person
Why? Reason
How? Manner
What? Object/Idea/Action

Other words can also be used to inquire about specific information:
Which (one)? Choice of alternatives
Whose? Possession
Whom? Person (objective formal)
How much? Price, amount (non-count)
How many? Quantity (count)
How long? Duration
How often? Frequency
How far? Distance
What kind (of)? Description

The "grammar" used with wh- questions depends on whether the topic being asked about is the "subject" or "predicate" of a sentence. For the subject pattern, simply replace the person or thing being asked about with the appropriate wh-word.
(Someone has my baseball.) Who has my baseball?
(Something is bothering you.) What is bothering you?

For the predicate pattern, wh- question formation depends on whether there is an "auxiliary" verb in the original sentence. Auxiliary or "helping" verbs are verbs that precede main verbs. Auxiliary verbs are italicized in the following sentences.
I can do it.
They are leaving.
I have eaten my lunch.
I should have finished my homework.


To make a question using the predicate pattern, first form a yes/no question by inverting the subject and (first) auxiliary verb. Then, add the appropriate wh- word to the beginning of the sentence.
(You will leave some time.) ? will you leave
When will you leave?
(He is doing something.) ? is he doing
What is he doing?
(They have been somewhere.)? have they been
Where have they been?

If there is no auxiliary and the verb is "be," invert the subject and verb, then add the appropriate wh- word to the beginning of the sentence.
(He is someone.) ? is he
Who is he?
(The meeting was some time.)? was the meeting
When was the meeting?
If there is no auxiliary and the verb is not "be," add do to the beginning of the sentence. Then add the appropriate wh-question word. Be sure to "transfer" the tense and number from the main verb to the word do.
(You want something.) ? do you want
What do you want?
(You went somewhere.) ? did you go (past tense)
Where did you go?
(She likes something.) ? does she like (third person -s)
What does she like?

Vocabulary Around the House

Other Rooms
Attic :People store things in the attic.
Ballroom :A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room :A small room used for storage.
Cellar :Underneath the house.
Cloakroom :A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory :A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room :A room where people eat.
Drawing Room :A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room :A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall :The entrance passage to a house.
Larder :A small room used for the storage of food.
Library :A room where books are kept.
Lounge :Another name for living room.
Music Room :A room where people play music.
Office :A room where people work.
Pantry :A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour :Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room :Another name for living room.
Spare Room/Guest Room :A room where guests sleep.
Toilet :A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room :A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.


Things you may find around the house:
light bulb(s)
plug(s)
socket(s)
torch(es)
ceiling light(s)
lamp(s)
curtain(s)
shelf (shelves)
(tele)phone(s)
box(es)
battery (batteries)
photo(graph)(s)

Dialogue:
It's Saturday and Dave and Della are decorating.
Dave :Della, you missed a bit.
Della :Where?
Dave :Here, on the wall just by the window, you can see a patch of white.
Della :Oh yes, I see it. It's difficult in this light.
Dave :I know, well at least we have finished this room, only five more to go.
Della :Are you sure you want to put wallpaper up in the lounge?
Dave :Yes, but don't worry, I'm really good at wallpapering. I just wish that Aldo would decide on what he wants his room doing in.
Della :I know, it's difficult when you're a boy. At least he's grown out of Star Wars, I keep thinking he'll ask for red and black or something equally gruesome.
Dave :Yes, but it is his room. I'm glad we decided not to move though. Maybe we should think about building an extension to the kitchen instead.
Della :One thing at a time please! Lets get this decorating over and done with first.
Dave :Ha! Oh by the way you missed a bit by the door too!
Della :Hmmm, thanks. Here's a brush.

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:
• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES
at in on

PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES

at 5 o'clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:
• I have a lunch at 11am.
• The book shop closes at midnight.
• Jazie went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Paris in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you have time on Sundays?
• My birthday is on 12 November.
• Where will you be on Christmast`s Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression Example
at night The stars shine at night.
at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
at present He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
in on
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the nights on Saturday nights
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s) on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
• I went to Sepang last June. (not in last June)
• She's coming back next Wednesday. (not on next Wednesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this night. (not in this night)

Passive Voice

Passive voice is a voice that indicates that the subject is the patient or recipient of the action denoted by the verb.

Here is an example of a construction in passive voice:
• The man was nudged by a passer-by.
The above example contrasts with the one below, which is in active voice:

• A passer-by nudged the man.

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, howover, who or what is performing the action.
Example : My bike was stolen

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen, I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in a passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows :
Example : A mistake was made.
In the case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone.

a).Form of passive
Subject + finite form of to be + past particple
Example : A letter was written

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice,not the following :
- The object of the active sentences becomes the
subject of the passive sentence.
- The finite form of the verbs in changed.
( to be + past participle )
- The subject of the active sentence becomes the
object of the passive sentence( or is dropped )

b).Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two object becomes the subject, the other one remains an object.
Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active : Rika wrote a letter to me
Passive : A letter was written to me by Rika
Passive : I was written a letter by Rika


As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
c).Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal passive simply means that the the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object
( transitive verb ) can form a personal passive.
Example : He says – it is said.

Impersonal passive is not is not as in some other langguages. In english, impersonal, passive is only possible with verbs of parception.
Example : They say that women live loner than men. It is said that women live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause ( women ) goes to the beginning of the sentences : the verb of perception is put into passive voice.
The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with “ to “ ( certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped )
Sometimes the term personal passive is used in English lesson if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

Future Tense

Simple future tense is used to describe job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
 Formation of sentences
1. Positive
(+) S + shall/will +V1
Ex: I shall clean the room
We will go to school
Or
(+) S + be +going to + V1
Ex: I am going to play badminton
She is going to make a tart cake

Notes : “shall” just can use for subject “I and we”
2. Negative
(-) S + shall/will + not + V
Ex: I shan`t buy a shirt
He won`t clean the table
Or
(-) S + be + not +going to +V
Ex: I am not going to give a present
Notes : shall not=shan`t,will not=won`t
3. Interrogative
(?) Shall/will+S + V ?
Ex: Is she going to write a letter ?

Noun Phrase

1. Noun phrases is constraction function as subject and object .
2. Noun phrases is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words
containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or
pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

>> Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office girl
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My handphone
e. Adjective + Noun, example : White board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A rubber

>> The noun phrases in English composed petenhally of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.


Example 1 :

Shaggy : Do you like novels ?
Snoop : Yes, I like them.
Shaggy : Do you like novels over there?
Snoop : Yes, they are nice.
Shaggy : Do you like the novel which I bought yesterday?
Snoop : Yes, I like it.


Example 2 :

- Nick was late
( Nick is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)

- Some noun phrase are short :
* The soldier

- Some are long :
* The very tall private lesson.

Finite Verb

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tenses according to the ruler and categories of languages in which it occurs.

· Finite verb can form “Indenpendent Clause” which constand by their own as complete sentences

· An Independent clause is a complete sentences it contain the main subject and verb of asentences

· In English only verb in contain mob the finite.These includes.

→ Indicate mood : expressing state of appairs in indicative mood finite verb is must used verb.

Example :Evin is going to shop

→ Imperative mood , giving a command

example : Help me please !!!

Don't do that !!!

Verb – Finite / Non Finite

Finite Verb

A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural)

For example :

I lived in Paris. (I is the subject-lived describes what the subject did-lived is a finite verb).

Non-Finite Verbs

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinite (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

For example :

I lived in Germany to improve my German.(To improve is in the infinite form-improve is non-finite).

Introductory It

A To understand this lesson is easy.
B It is easy to understand this lesson.

In this pattern,it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence.Thus,it is called introductory “it”.

*A and B mean the same thing,but sentence B is more common and useful than A.A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.

*Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.


Inroductory “it” as a subject :
• To watch musical programs is pleasant.
• It is pleasant to watch musical program.

Structure :
It +verb+subject compliment+infinitive phrase(real subject)

Introductory “it” with seem,appear and look
-Introductory “it” is also used with seem,appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase,a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.

• It looked doubtful whether she would come.
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.

It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think,feel,deem,count,consider,etc.

• I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
Introductory “it” in questions
• When was it that the manager came ?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.

Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a kind of text to describe a particular person, place or thing.

The generic structure of Descriptive text :
Ø Identification :
Identifies phenomenon to be described.
Ø Description :
Describes part qualities and characteristic.
Linguistic features :
1. Specific participants.
2. Linking verbs.
3. Simple present.
4. Adjective.
5. Noun phrase.

Example of Descriptive text :


Taj Mahal




Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.

Modals in The Past Form

Modals in the past are :
*Could.
*Might.
*Would.
*Should.

The formula of Modals in the past form :

I. COULD + VERB BASE.
Ø To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.
Example :
Dian : “I’m having trouble with math.”
Andi : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”

Ø To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example :
Santa : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”
Niky : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”

II. WOULD + VERB BASE.
Ø For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Wu Zun : “What did you do on holidays?”
MJ : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”

Ø Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example :
Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”
Tom : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”

Ø To express polite request.
Example :
Mr. Gunawan : “Would you mind posting the letter?”
Jubaedah : “No, not at all.”

III. SHOULD + VERB BASE.
Ø To give definite advice.
Example :
Mother : “Ika, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”
Ika : “I will, Mom.”

IV. MIGHT + VERB BASE.
Ø To tell possibilities
Example :
Nhia : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”
Ayu : “He might get a flat time.”

Ø To express polite request.
Example :
Beben : “Might I borrow your book?”
Vika : “Yes, of course.”

Invitation (Written)

Most spore invitation are in the farm of question they often begin with will,would,would you like to,would you care to,etc.

Offerings invitation :
>>Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
>>Will you join us?
>>Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
>>Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
>>I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?

Accepting invitation :
>>Yes,I'd love very much.
>>Thank you.
>>Yes,with pleasure.
>>I`d like to.

Reffusing :
>>If you don't mind,i'd rather not.
>>Thank you,i'm busy,may be next time.
>>I have got another appointment.
>>I'm sorry.I can`t.
>>I've lost to work to do.

Narrative Text

Narrative is a text that purpose to amuse or to entertain the reader or the listener and deal with actual or vicanous experience in different ways to the reader or listener.

The generic structures of narrative text are:
-Orientation : Introducing the characters of the story,the time and the place
The story happened(who/what,when and where)
-Complication : A series of events in which the main character attempt to solve
The problem.
-Resolution : The ending of the story containing the problem solution.

The function of narrative text are :
-To amuse or to entertain
-To deal with actual vicarious experience in different ways.

Kinds of narrative text are :
-Fable
-fairy tale
-Legend,etc

Language features of narrative text are :
-Focus on specific and individualized participants
-Use of material process(action verb)
-Use some of behaviourial and verbal processes
-Use of relational process and mental process
-Use past tense
-Use of temporal conjunction and temporal circumstances.

Example of Narrative Text :
“RAPUNZEL”
A long time ago there lived a young couple, a man and his wife, his wife was expecting their baby. She wanted a plant that only grew in her neighbor's garden, she wanted it so much. She even intended to steal it herself, but later on, she sent her husband to steal it.

Unfortunately, mother Gothel, the owner of the garden, caught him doing it. She was a witch. Then, mother Gothel forced the couple to give their first baby to her.

A few months later, the baby was born. It was a girl and named Rapunzel. Soon, this baby was taken away to live with mother Gothel. Rapunzel grew to be a beautiful young girl with her long golden hair. At first she was cared for in a normal way. When she reached puberty, she was locked in the forest. It could only be entered by climbing on Rapunzel's long hair. To cheer herself up, she loved to sing.

One day, a young prince was out hunting. He stumbled upon the tower. He heard Rapunzel's beautiful voice. He decided that he must meet her. He spied and, by watching Mother Gothel, learned the words he has to say to have Rapunzel drop her hair. The Prince visited her often and the two fell in love.

Then, Rapunzel; made a plan to escape from the tower. She wanted to be with the prince. She asked the prince to bring her a skein of silk each time he visited. She might weave a ladder for her escape. Unfortunately, Mother Gothel caught on Then, she banished Rapunzel to the desert. She prince blind and he marred the earth searching for his love.

Eventually, they found each other, and prince's eyes were healed by Rapunzel's tears of happiness.

Gratitude, Compliment and Congratulation

 Gratitude
Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people, when speaking English, you say “thanks” very often please say “thank you” when people give you something and give you compliment, etc.

Expressing Gratitude:
I shold like to express my gratitude
Thank you very much
Thanks for your help
How can I thank you?
I`m very grateful to you
I can`t thank you enough

Responding:
It was the least I could do
You`re welcome
No big deal
Don`t metion it
It`s a pleasure
That`s all right

 Compliment
Compliment is expression that used to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.

Complimenting:
Good grades!
Nice work!
Excellent!
Good job!
You look great!
You look very nice/beautiful/handsome

 Congratulation
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.

Congratulating:
I must congratulate you
Please accept my congratulations
I`d like to be first to congratulate you
Congratulations on your success
Let me congratulate you

Surprise or Disbeliefs

Surprise or disbeliefs is an expression that we show/say when know/hear/see something that rather difficult to believe.

To expressing surprise : Responding to express surprise :

-What a surprise! -Yeah!
-That`s a surprise! -It is
-(Well),that`s very surprising! -Yup!
-Really? -Sure

When you got a surprising fact, you can say :

-Do you know what?
-Believe it or not?
-You may not believe it, but…
-Can you belive this?

Example of expressing surprises :
Day : Whose motorbike is that ?
Jill : It`s Max.
Day : Are you kidding me ?
Jill : No I`m not.I saw he is riding that motorcycle this morning.
Day : What a surprise!

To expressing disbeliefs :

-I don`t believe it.
-It can`t be true.
-I can`t think of it.
-I don`t trust you.




Example expressing disbeliefs :
Koi : Do you still remember the girl we met yesterday ?
Arwana :Yes!
Koi : I can`t believe my eyes when I saw her riding a tracktor.
Arwana : A sport car ?
Koi : Yes,she looked gorgeous!
Arwana : I don`t believe you. You must be dreaming!